Logical Reasoning - 189930 Words

updated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse†¦show more content†¦vi Table of Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................................iii Copyright ...............................................................................................................................................iii Praise .......................................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 How to Reason Logically ........................................................................................ 1 Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker ............................................................................................... 2 Advice for Logical Reasoners ............................................................................................................... 5 Examples of Good Reasoning............................................................................................................. 14 Review of Major PointsShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning Of Computer Science1816 Words   |  8 PagesAssessment 1 - Report Logical Reasoning And Number Systems and/or Assembly Language Student Name: Ioannis Violitzopoulos Student ID: 1115297262 Course: Computer Science Program Leader: Liz Gandy Module: CET105 Computational Thinking Table of Contents Logical Reasoning 3 Logical Reasoning in Computer Science. 3 What is Logical Reasoning? 3 Why we use Logical Reasoning? 4 Types of Logical Reasoning 4 Deductive Reasoning 4 Inductive Reasoning 5 Abductive Reasoning 5 Wrong can be RightRead MoreThe Differences between Logical, Ethical and Dialectical Reasoning1656 Words   |  7 PagesDifferences Between Logical, Ethical, and Dialectical Reasoning The ways human think are one of the most distinct differences amongst us all. No single person entire thought process is the same as someone else because every one comprehends differently. The way we think makes us who we are and the decisions we make are based off our thought process. We reason logically, ethically, or dialectically to come to a final decision. Logical, ethical, and dialectical reasoning all serve a differentRead MoreLogical Selection of Reasoning and Facts in Rational Decision Making1240 Words   |  5 PagesRATIONAL DECISION MAKING Rational decision making is a decision making model that involves the logical selection among possible choices that is based on reasoning and facts. In a rational decision making process a business manager will often employ a series of analytical steps to review relevant facts observation and possible outcomes before choosing a particular course of action. Rational decision making can also be termed classical decision making. Rational decision making is part of the normativeRead MoreEffect Of Smoke Regulation On Hospitality Industry1457 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be presented as logical arguments and in such a way that sequence of the article sections will correspond to a model or chain of reasoning that applies to such article (Krathwohl, 2009, P.62). However, the research article by Hyland, et al (2003) does not seem to have the framework or follow this model or organized in â€Å"chain-of-reasoning sequence/format for some reasons best known by the authors’. Beside, Krathwohl, (2009) pointed out that this chain-chain-of reasoning model applies differentlyRead MoreAdolescence Cognitive Development Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pageswill address is adolescence cognitive development. Whereas, both articles agree that when a child transitions from childhood to adolescence their cognitive development progresses from real object thinking and or reasoning to a more abstract and systematic thinking and or reasoning. Berk (2010) supports his arguments and information with older cited works such as Piagets Theory: the formal operational stage (1958) and other more recent studies on how information-processing affects cognitive developmentRead MoreReality and The Five Senses999 Words   |  4 PagesOssie’s world and the people in it. It’s clear to see that Louis Thanksgiving is a character in Ossie’s world that is real, because of her true feelings for him, her knowledge of even the most miniscule details of his life, and overall by using our logical reasoning’s . Human beings are capable of experiencing various kinds of emotions, such as sadness, happiness, anger, love and many more. These emotions are real and so are the things that triggered us to feel them in the first place. In SwamplandiaRead MoreBrief for Petitioner and Brief for Respondent Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesRiley’s smart phone for information. By using deductive reasoning, the author tried to show that the police officers’ rummaging through Riley’s smart phone also impinges upon Riley’s personal privacy, according to the First Amendment concerns. Since searching the things in a smart phone impinges personal privacy, so Riley argued that the police officers’ rummaging through his smart phone also impinges his personal privacy. Riley gave a logical reasoning by generating from a general situation (rummagingRead MoreStructure And Significance Of Argument1263 Words   |  6 Pagesagreement. Thesis The thesis of this essay is to elaborate on the structure and significance of argument basing it on Hume’s passage on skeptical doubts concerning the operations of the understanding. Literature review Arguments differ in terms of logical strength in that, other arguments are better than others. A logically strong argument can either be deductively valid which means it is not possible to have all the premises of the argument to be true while the conclusion is false and also it couldRead MoreWhat Is Critical Thinking?1033 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent point of view or idea with some other people make then that person should use his own point of view and think logically to prove his idea is correct and this action call critical thinking. In this essay, I will state that analyze thinking, logical thinking, and self-improvement is the factor to form the ideal of critical thinking. All the different factors will show that the importance of critical thinking. First of all, critical thinking is a way to analyze thinking. To analyze, we needRead MoreBook Review : Being Logical1524 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review of Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking Being Logical: A guide to Good Thinking is a one hundred and sixty pages book authored by D Q. Mclnemy. It was published in 2005 in New York by the Random House Trade Paperbacks and currently goes for between $ 12.95 and $ 14.88 depending on the seller. Bibliographical Information of The Author And Background of The Book D Q. Mclnemy is a PhD holder and currently holds different position in the field of academics and psychology in different

An Analysis Of Wilfred Owens Poetry - 1017 Words

â€Å"The role of the poet, as Owen now saw it, was to warn; to see and, speaking, to make others see† - J.Boshell, The Pity of War Wilfred Owen challenges the rampant propaganda of war through his poetry as he shines light on the nature of war through his personal view and experience of it. This is represented in his poetry, on the truth of war allowing for the reader to further understand the atrocities committed during this time. This is a salient point in his poems Anthem for doomed youth, and Dulce et decorum thus Owen effectively conveys his ideas about war through his poetry. To Owen’s mind this is the purpose of poetry â€Å"to speak and to show truth† in this way Owen breaks down the propaganda. The poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est† was†¦show more content†¦To this effect J Boshell summarises Owens arguments through his own experience â€Å" He saw his role now: to make others ‘see’. His new truth was his experience of war. Having been in the trenches he could no longer linger in the beauty of poetry, rather, he used it to expose the brutality, and truth of war.† which sums up Owens nature in trying to defeat war’s glory not by taking away the respect of the soldiers but by trying to discourage the romanticization of war which was ever present in the propaganda. Likewise Guy Cuthbertson shows how Owen is trying to break down and to a degree succeeded, the unnecessarily high opinion of war. Guy himself states â€Å"Over the last hundred years, the image of the First World War soldier as damaged but resilient has remained etched on British cultural consciousness† Owen Shows the truth of war, through his poetry he has shown each and every one of them to be â€Å"Damaged but resilient† .Owen details the way in which they were mentally and physically tortured, shining the truth on the conditions of war, Owen imposed on himself the role of the poet, he was trying to make the people see the truth, to warn them that war isn’t all it s said to be. This is evident in DulceShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy1660 Words   |  7 PagesEng 432 Outline Critical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy I. Introduction: 1. Introducing what is going to be discussed in the paper (analysis of Arms and the Boy , its relation to one of Owens poem). 2. Thesis Statement : Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy can be discussed to represent the horror of war. II. Body: 1. Owen was a soldier and a modern poet who was known as anti-war poet. A. A summary of Owens poetry in general . B. His representation of the horror of war in hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 PagesWelcome back to the Poetry and Society unit of the literature topic. We are moving on from last week’s poetry type, American slam and we are now studying Protest and Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. Wilfred Owen was one ofRead MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Wilfred Owen’s poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, is a powerful poem with graphical lifelike images on the reality of war. It is blatantly apparent that the author was a soldier who experienced some of the most gruesome images of war. His choice of words, diction, tone, syntax, and metaphor’s paint a vivid picture in a brilliant poem. His choice for the poem’s name is ironical in itself. The entire phrase is â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est Pro patriaRead MoreWilfred Owen : The Greatest English Poet During The First World War Poem Summary1358 Words   |  6 Pages Wilfred Owen Wilfred Owen is recognized as the greatest English poet during the First World War. Wilfred Owen notable poems contains the lives and historical records. He wrote out of his intense personal experience as a soldier and wrote with unrivalled power of the physical, moral and psychological trauma of the First World War. From the early age of nineteen, Wilfred Owen wanted to become a poet and immersed himself in poetry, being specially impressed by Keats and Shelly. Wilfred Owen himselfRead More An Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s Strange Meeting Essays1788 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s Strange Meeting Analysis of a working manuscript for Wilfred Owens Strange Meeting provides the student with insight into the creative process. Owens original wording coupled with his subsequent revisions illuminate how he may have intended the poem to be understood by the reader. Owens revisions show a determination to accomplish three apparent objectives. First, Owen paid close attention to the connotative meanings inherent in his diction. Equally as importantRead MoreThe Voices Against War By Thomas Hardy1151 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to speak out against the activity of war. Thomas Hardy voices his opinion on the second Boer War through poetry. The second Boer War witnessed some of the beginnings of more accurate cannons and propelled explosives, giving South Africa a strong resistance to Great Britain. Wilfred Owen witnessed first-hand of the horrors of World War I with a price of his life. He wrote poetry vividly describing his treacherous experience on the battlefield. Also Randall Jarr ell, served in World War IIRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of World War I Poetry2088 Words   |  9 PagesLiterature and poetry are a reflection of society. The words are reflected in numerous feelings that we can almost touch and can be deeply felt in its reach. Most poets expressed their perception and emotion through their writings. Unfortunately the art and poetry describes one of the worst things that human can do to one another. The legalized murder called war. Hence, this type of self-reflection called poetry has help create new fundamental ideas and values towards our society. In this essayRead MoreComparison Between Ode to a Nightingale and Disabled1191 Words   |  5 Pagespoetic techniques and powerful visual imagery, Keats conveys universal concerns and values of immortality of art and the mortality of humans through the compilation of the themes of mortality, nature and transience. â€Å"Disabled† by the modernist poet, Wilfred Owen projects numerous sensual me taphors to evoke emotional responses of traumatic war experiences. â€Å"Disabled† has transcended barriers of time to pursue concerns and values through the compilation of themes and emotions of unseen scars, human mortalityRead MorePoetry and War1681 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Owen explore the themes of war through the power of his poetry? Written by: vdg How does Owen explore the themes of war through the power of his poetry? Answer Q Owen expresses the themes of war through the unique power of poetry. Both the mental and physical brutality of war is emphasised in the poems, â€Å"The Send off,† â€Å"Anthem for doomed youth† and â€Å"Spring Offensive,† furthering the responder’s understanding of a soldier’s life on the western front. Owen employs various poetic devicesRead More Love Presented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Essay2489 Words   |  10 PagesLove Presented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Explore how the theme of love is presented in Birdsong and a selection of poems by Wilfred Owen. Loving attitudes, though perhaps not as prominent as themes such as violence and pride, are intimately observed and explored in Sebastian Faulks Birdsong and in many of Wilfred Owens War poems. Each aspect of love, as seen through the eyes of this First World War soldier and Faulks characters, is as interesting as it is diverse, allowing an impervious

Why Chniatown Should Be Conserved Free Essays

string(130) " are still people who have been living there since they were young and have built many memories about their childhood days there\." Introduction As part of the Singapore heritage society, I believe that Chinatown should be conserved and should not be replaced by yet another integrated resort. Our Society is dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Singapore history, heritage and identity. We have held many projects to raise awareness of Singapore history and cultural heritage. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Chniatown Should Be Conserved or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chinatown has and will always be a place with much historical value and a part of Singapore limited heritage. According to the dictionary, heritage indicates the characteristics, properties or quality that one inherits at birth. It is also he nation’s mark of history, such as stately buildings, countryside, cultural traditions, that are seen as the nation’s wealth to be inherited by future generations. Chinatown has been a part of Singapore and a part of our home since the early days when the early immigrants came to Singapore, being one of the few heritages that we are still able to keep hold of. Despite being rather small in size, this little plot of land is the exact land that our forefathers stood on as they contributed to make Singapore what it is today. But with Singapore fast growth rate and overwhelming need to develop rather, it is not surprising that its historical heritage is being considered to be demolished to make way for the new. Conservation We wish to conserve Chinatown, as it allows us to be connected to our past. Our heritage reminds us of where we started from and of how we managed to progress from being a small fishing village to the bustling city that we are now, giving us a sense of direction in where we are heading to as a nation. Preserving our cultural heritage also goes a long way in explaining our rich cultural, political, social and educational values to the future generations. It is a lesson and an experience in which our forefathers handed down to us so that we can learn from their mistakes and successes, in hope that our nation will continue to grow into a better society. Our heritage is very valuable and can even be considered as a form of â€Å"national wealth† that has been passed down to us. After receiving this honor and responsibility, we as the children of this nation, should play our part Just as our forefathers did and continue to pass this precious historical gem down for future generations to personally experience and remember our history. National Identity This year, Singapore has Just gained 48 years of independence, and we have successfully created an identity for ourselves that makes us as Gingersnaps more proud of our country and its accomplishments. A national identity is important to its country as it affects Singapore psychological defense, this would determine if Gingersnaps will stay to fight or abandon Singapore when faced with obstacles. The term ‘National identity is a person’s sense of belonging to one’s state or nation, a feeling one shares with a group of people, regardless of one’s citizenship status. An identity is not an inborn trait but is slowly built up as a direct result of the presence of the similarities in people’s daily lives, such as national symbols, language, the nation’s history, culture and many others. For Singapore, one of these aspects is the Singapore multi-religious backgrounds, Singapore started off with majority of the population being immigrants from countries such as Europe, China, Arabia, India, Amelia and Penman, who came to Singapore in the early sass. While they came to Singapore in hope of finding a better future, they shared their religion to the rest of he country too. Although Chinatown started off as a Chinese settlement, but it contributes significantly to Singapore multi-religious identity as it houses many different religious buildings temples, churches and mosques. An example is the oldest Hindu temple in Singapore, the Sir Marianne which was built in 1827. During colonial times, it served as a refuge for new immigrants and acted as the Registry of Marriages for Hindus. Today, in addition to its religious services and functions, the temple promotes various social, cultural and educational activities. Festivals such as Thematic (Fire walking ceremony) and Navigator are also celebrated there every year. The Thematic is an important ceremony to the Hindu culture, as it celebrates the honor of Draping who walked through a bed of fire and came out as fresh as a flower, proving her purity. Demolishing these religious buildings for the sake of the Integrated Resort will not only disrupt religious services, but it will also cause Singapore to lose part of its identity and history. Thus we believe that Chinatown should be conserved as it helps to build a unique Identity for Singapore. Festive Seasons During the Chinese New Year period, Chinatown is also the place that Gingersnaps first head to look for their Chinese New Year goodies and clothes. This has become a habit and tradition that most Gingersnaps abide by. At the same time, they are able to enjoy the Chinese New Year atmosphere as the place Chinatown during Chinese New Year, would be decorated with many stunning street lights. This bustling with people time of the year is when Chinatown finally regains its former glory, to the time when Chinatown was bustling with life, with hawkers selling all manners of things long the streets and people squeezing through the crowd to get their hands on the cheapest goods. It is also during times like these when families get together, no matter old or young to purchase items such as new traditional costumes, shoes, decorations, goodies in preparation for Chinese New Year. Chinatown then becomes a place that is unique and original as it allows the people to spend time together without the need to spend much money or for any technology, allowing them to bond. Memories Chinatown is a place where memories and shared experiences are being made. Even ill today, there are still people who have been living there since they were young and have built many memories about their childhood days there. You read "Why Chniatown Should Be Conserved" in category "Papers" Upon asked if she had any special memories in Chinatown, one of our interviewees, the owner of a textile shop, replied that â€Å"When I was young I used to spend most of my time in the shop. As my parent’s watched the shop, me and my brother would study there. At times, we would also meet up with the other little kids there to play and run about the playground nearby. When asked why she chose to open a shop in Chinatown, she been with us for 3 generations. This shop meaner a lot to our family, as though it is our very own child. It also stores a lot of our memories as a kid. † Chinatown is also known as the ‘elderly district’ and most of the people who stay there are actually elderly who have been living there since young. To them, Chinatown i s the place where they feel at home, where they all their memories were made. These friends that they make slowly become more like their families than mere neighbors; taking care of each other and entertaining one another. Among the 25 people we interviewed, 85% of them agree that Chinatown should be conserved as it possesses lot of historical value and that from the many years living there, they have created many enjoyable memories there and do not want to ever lose them. However, if a third integrated resort were to be built here, all these experiences and precious memories would be lost and forgotten as generations pass as though they too have faded away from existence. Skills and Passion Chinatown is a place where people can showcase their skills and passion. In Chinatown, there are many little stores that sell traditionally hand-made local delicacies and clothing that are now hard to find in Singapore society. There are many tailors sewing Chicagoans, a traditional Chinese costume that are worn by Chinese females since the early days. These clothes are very significant to Singapore past as it is also one of the few artifacts the has been passed down from the past to the current present. These Chinese costumes also remind us of how Singapore was in the past, and through the colors and decorations, we are able to bring out the colorful culture and heritage of our country’s past. Also, there are many hawkers making their own buns through the traditional methods. Not only goes this allow the people to showcase their skills, this also allows them to survive in the Singapore context despite the tough competitions with famous chain-shops. This is at the same time beneficial to Singapore as it helps Singapore to increase their Job employment rates and allows the people to have the chance to chase after their passions in life despite their financial statuses. However, if the integrated Resort were to be built on Chinatown, this would cause many people to become Jobless and thus unable to support their families. Similarly, their passions can only be buried along with the rest of Chinatown. Tourists According to a research, destinations excelling in their cultural heritage are more likely to be on traveler’s consideration list. Among the many respondents from 20 different countries, 57% of them agree that history and culture are strong influences on their choice of holiday destination, with only 15% of the people disagreeing to this statement. Conforming to this, Chinatown has been rated as one of the top ten attractions in Singapore due to its strong historical value and its colorful vibe. Due to our struggle towards progress after gaining independence on August 9 1965, we eve already demolished many of our memorable infrastructures in order to make way for the new, furthermore, only having 48 years of independence, Singapore does not have many places with much historical value. Hence, if we demolish Chinatown, we might be at a risk of having a sharp decrease in tourist rates, which may also not be as appealing to the tourists as compared to the uniqueness of Chinatown. From the opinions of most of the people we interviewed, most of them also agree that another integrated resort would only be redundant as we already have two other integrated resorts, them being Marina Bay Sands and Resort World Santos. Meanwhile, Chinatown is unique as there can only be one of it throughout the whole of this lifetime. If we demolish it, we would be losing it forever and we would never be able to build it and its priceless history again. A trip to Chinatown will also be more fruitful for the tourists. According to the theory of knowledge, the two main ways to gain knowledge is through experience and reasoning. Chinatown many historical infrastructure, vibrant atmosphere and heritage centre, allows them to reasonably experience the background and heritage of Singapore. Through this experience, it allows us to gain something more valuable than money, the power of knowledge and understanding upon visiting it. However, the Integrated Resort would only promote entertainment, such as gambling and shopping. Thus, by conserving Chinatown , not only are we able to increase Singapore tourism rates and boost our economy, it also allows the tourists to benefit greatly from the experience and learn more about our culture and heritage. Land Scarcity Building an Integrated Resort over Chinatown would not only cause a lack of housing or the people who are currently living in Chinatown, but also with Singapore plan to increase the population from about 5. 8 million to 6. Million by 2030, this unbalance between the land use for entertainment purposes and the land used for housing purposes would create a serious problem for the people, such as overcrowding due to the lack of space. With over 5 million people currently living within the 710 km area of land, Singapore has been ranked the second most densely populated country in 2012. Singapore is already facing a problem with the lack of land and building more housing areas would not be an easy take. In addition, if an Integrated Resort were to be built in Chinatown, the residential areas in Chinatown would be lost, which would be a disadvantage to Singapore. Land scarcity is a dire situation and it may lead to unhygienic living spaces, which would make it easier for pests such as mosquitoes to breed. As Singapore is a tropical country, we are very prone to dengue’s. From the 16-22 June 2013, there was a total of 82 dengue outbreaks within that single week, and from the start of January to 13/08/2013, there has already been 6 unfortunate victims who have passed away due to dengue fever. From this, we can tell the severity of Dengue Fever in Singapore, and with the unhygienic environment, this would lead to a higher risk of the people having Dengue Fever. Hence, not only will Chinatown help in the heritage of Singapore, but it will also help in the land constraint problem Singapore is facing currently. Conclusion In conclusion, I strongly feel that we should conserve Chinatown as it is part of our home town and heritage. It reminds Gingersnaps of how far Singapore has progressed from being Just a free port all the way to being the central trading port of people who lived, worked and visited Chinatown in the chophouses, temples and mosques. Chinatown is a place that holds the memory and identity of Singapore. How to cite Why Chniatown Should Be Conserved, Papers

Canadas Institutional Landscape and The Governmen Essay Example For Students

Canadas Institutional Landscape and The Governmen Essay ts Ignorance of Farmers NeedsSaskatchewan farmers have been continually ignored in Canadasinstitutional landscape. Never has the situation been more evident as it iswith the possibility of Quebec separation. The Canadian governments ignoranceof farmers needs has caused a cynical view of the political process in the eyesof farmers. One of the major sources of the cynicism is that Canadian federalinstitutions are developed so that most political of the clout is developed fromthe east. The eastern domination of the House of Commons, and indirectly theSenate, means that Saskatchewan wheat farmers do not have a strong voice inCanadian political decisions. But what does the Saskatchewan lack ofrepresentation in Canadas political institutions in Ottawa mean? What canSaskatchewan wheat farmers do to rectify the situation? And, following a Quebecseparation what can wheat farmers do to uphold their livelihood? The intent ofthis report is to focus on the actions Saskatchewan wheat farmers can t ake toensure their success in the future. A focus on the recent political policydecisions by the federal government, the need for intrastate institutionalreform, and effects of a possible Quebec separation will all be analyzed. The current institutional landscape of Canada has not acted favorablyfor Saskatchewan wheat farmers. The development of the institutions, ie. theHouse of Commons and the Senate, and the policies that have developed from theseinstitutions have continually ignored the needs of prairie farmers, emphasizingthe cynicism Saskatchewan wheat farmers have towards the political process. Theantipathy towards the political institutions has developed because of recentcost-cutting initiatives and deregulatory procedures by the government and bymis-representation of farmers needs in government today. The failure ofSaskatchewan wheat farmers to express their needs in the Canadian politicalarena successfully, when compared to other constituencies, is based on the factthat Saskatchewans representation in Canadas political institutions is weak. The result is the development of policies contrary to what would be accepted byfarmers. Saskatchewan wheat farmers, in accordance with most constituencies inthe west, have desired a institutional change to the Upper House in Canada. In1867, when the institutions were developed, the goal was to develop twodifferent political bodies. One, the House of Commons, would represent theCanadian people by means of elected representatives in a representation bypopulation scenario. The second, the Senate, would be a source of sober secondthought. In its creation the senate was intended to protect the ideals ofindividual regions. However, to the chagrin of Saskatchewan wheat farmers, theintended regional focus of the senate never developed and, hence, the senate hasbeen an institution that has been the focus of a lot of antipathy from the West. The drive for modifications to the Senate has been pressed by Saskatchewan wheatfarmers in an attempt to uphold their livelihood in a nation in which theyreignored. The development of intrastate federalism in the senate is typically themost desired institutional change. Intrastate federalism aids in bringingregional representation to the national political arena. The desire forregional representation in the Senate is held in high demand by Saskatchewanwheat farmers. The most prominent suggestion is for a Triple E senate (equal,effective, and elected) instead of the current form of the Upper House. Supportfor a Triple E senate is virtually guaranteed by Saskatchewan wheat farmer,because their views would have better representation in a central politicalinstitution which historically has ignored their needs. The reasoning behindthe lack of regionalism in the Canadian senate is based on two important factors. First, Canadian senators were not selected by provincial legislatures orgovernments, but rather were appointed by the federal government Secondly,Canadians opted for equal representation by region rather than equalrepresentation by province. Thus, the senates actions are extremely similarto the actions of the House of Commons. To answer the question of what Saskatchewan wheat farmers need to do touphold their livelihood concentrates on the necessity for a senate reform basedon intrastate federalism. The hope is that by doing so Saskatchewan farmerswould have a strong voice in the national political arena. However, modifyingthe senate is an extremely arduous task. Senate reform would most likely haveto follow the current amending formula of the seven-fifty rule. The seven-fiftyrule declares that any amendments made to the constitution have the support oftwo-thirds of the provincial legislatures (seven, in the current Confederation)containing fifty percent of the population agreeing to the modification. Themodifications would be difficult to achieve because the politicians in the east,who currently hold a lot of the clout in the current landscape, would be opposedto any changes that would see them lose power. Upon Quebec separation senatereform would be even more difficult to achieve. Without Quebec, Ontario currently has 49.8% of the remaining population. According to Statistics Canadademographics from July 1st, 1996. So, using the current amending formulawithout Quebec in confederation , the likelihood of Saskatchewan farmers havinga voice in central political institutions becomes even less likely asmodifications to the institutions would only be possible if all the provinces,besides Ontario, were in favor of the change. Without provincial representation in a central institution the needs ofSaskatchewan wheat farmers will be continually ignored as the provinces with thelargest population continue to develop policies to achieve their own goals. Onesuggestion has been modification to the House of Commons, however, this seemseven more unlikely then reform to the Upper House. The goal of the senate inits creation, as was noted earlier, was to provide sober second thought.Regional leaders can argue that the senate does not fulfill the goals it wascreated to attain, and hopefully modify the senate to attain the regional needsthey desire. The House of Commons intent was always to be an elected body thatwas selected through representation by population and, thus, modifications tothe House of Commons are less likely then changes to the Senate because theintentions of the House of Commons have been achieved. The fact that the institutional landscape in Canada currently favors theeast can be seen in three recent policy initiatives by the federal government. The policy changes have not been beneficial to farmers in Saskatchewan, andcontinue to be focused on what will help the east develop. The policy changeshave involved 1) the elimination of the monopoly the Canadian Wheat Board had;2) deregulatory initiatives involving the creation of the North American FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA); and, 3) a cost-cutting policy initiative that saw theelimination of the Crows Nest Pass Agreement. Each policy change has causeddeep cuts at the roots of Saskatchewan wheat farmers. A focus on the policychanges shows that the policies have gained some support in other provinces,namely Alberta, but the policies have considerably hurt Saskatchewan farmers. Motorcycle EssaySurvival for the common farmer in Saskatchewan has become increasingly moredifficult as the federal government continues on its policy changes based on theidea that bigger is better, to the demise of the common farmer. One of the alleviating factors during the abolition of the crow was thepossibility of Saskatchewan wheat farmers to use the St. Lawrence Seaway as ameans of finding lower costs to farmers. However, with the possible separationof Quebec, the use of the St. Lawrence Seaway is unknown. Depending on theagreements made by the Quebec and Canadian governments following separation theprice of transportation may go up even further as Saskatchewan wheat farmerswould lose a possible location to ship their grain. This would assuredly causean influx of prices in transportation costs to farmers as the Canadian PacificRailways would undoubtedly continue its trend of charging high prices to prairiefarmers transporting their goods to the west, to combat the expenses of gettingthrough the treacherous Rocky Mountains. Exports are a concern to Saskatchewan farmers on a whole, but more so tothose involved in the egg, poultry, and dairy aspects of agriculture. Egg,poultry, and dairy are produced under a Supply/Management organization. Inother words, there is a strict management of goods to ensure that farmersproduce only what will satisfy domestic needs. When the system worksefficiently no surpluses or shortages of egg, poultry, and dairy are created inCanada. If Quebec were to separate, especially with Quebec being a primarydairy producer in Canada, a number of initiatives would need to be developed toensure that there is neither a shortage or surplus of goods. The repercussionsof this would involve the need for farmers in Saskatchewan to focus more ondairy production, so that the needs of the nation are matched. Also, egg andpoultry producers in Saskatchewan may be down-scaled or forced to close as thegoods they produce would no longer be needed by the rest of the country. Toprevent any developing problems it is imperative that the Saskatchewan farmershave some voice in the political discussion following a Quebec separation. Theoretically, we could simply import from Quebec after separation is made toensure that the demand of Canadians are met by Quebec supply. However, thesolution is not an easy one because the cost of dealing with Quebec would likelybe a high one due to an increase in transaction costs. Transaction costs are,the costs arising from finding a trading partner, negotiating an agreementabout the price and other aspects of the exchange, and of ensuring that theterms of the agreement are fulfilled. Simply put there would be an influx inthe transaction costs between Quebec and Canada as the trading agreement ismodified. Again Saskatchewan farmers, upon Quebec separation, are faced withyet another hurdle to clear in their attempts to uphold their lifestyle. In sum, the political policy development that has been developed in theEast has seriously effected Saskatchewan wheat farmers. They have lost a meansfor protection from a fluctuating market because of modifications to the price-support structure of the CWB, which could be extremely detrimental with thedevelopment of a new country and unstable economy. The internationalcompetition, witnessed through the eastern politicians focus for free trade, hascaused the price of grain to drop considerably because of the elasticity ofwheat caused by an increase in competition and substitutes. Finally, the risingtransportation costs, due to the elimination of the Crows Nest Pass Agreement,has meant that Saskatchewan wheat farmers spend more money to get their productto a market which has gotten progressively worse. Saskatchewan farmers areforced to spend more money to get their product to a weak market, which couldget weaker in a new developing country due to an unstable economy and theincrease in transaction costs. The importance of the institutions ability to steer Canadas policyneeds to be analyzed here to ensure its power and importance is understood. Institutions are like channels or grooves along which economic, ideological,cultural and political forces flow. Simply, the power of politicalinstitutions is not an abstract quality . With the branches of government builtunder the principle of representation by population the political clout is goingto be held where the largest population is held, the east. The result is thatof small constituencies are weakly represented in national governments whichfail to realize the practical implications their policy developments have toconstituencies not prominent in the east, such as Saskatchewan wheat farmers. The policies the national government have developed in recent events havespoiled the agricultural community in Saskatchewan. However, a change to thepolitical institutions would cause a change in the policies that the governmentscreated simply because the grooves would cause policies to follow a differentpolitical, cultural, and economic flow. Canadian political institutions have a serious effect on policydevelopment in the nation. With the power being held almost solely in the eastsmall constituencies, such as Saskatchewan wheat farmers are forced toconcentrate on methods to modify the institutions so that they serve their needs. Recent policy developments have had a detrimental effect on Saskatchewan wheatfarmers growth and the only means for farmers to prevent this in the future isto modify the institutions. However, Quebec separation poses a difficultproblem for Saskatchewan wheat farmers. Not only does separation mean that theeconomy farmers rely heavily on will drop but it separation also means thatinstitutional reform is even less likely. The situation is not futile, andalthough the road is a difficult one Saskatchewan wheat farmers have facedadversity before. It appears that their unity and strength will be called uponagain as they attempt to gain representation in Canadas national institutionsbefore their lifestyle becomes a concept of the past. BibliographyKeith Archer et al., Paramters of Power: Canadas Political Institutions. Scarborough:Nelson Canada (1995), pg. 180. Canadian Dimensions- Population and average growth rates, Canada, the provinces,and territories. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, July 1st, 1996. Website: http://WWW.StatCan.CA/Documents/English/Pgdb/People/Population/demo02a.htmDavid Roberts, Farmers worry report wont bring change, The Globe and Mail(July 11, 1996), A9. Terry Johnson, After the Crow, new hope in the country, Alberta Report (August21st, 1995), 15. Richard Gwyn, End of an Era, Calgary Herald (August 1st, 1995), A5. Terry Johnson, After the Crow, new hope in the country, Alberta Report (August21st, 1995), 15. Robin Bade et al., Economics: Canada in the Global Enviroment. Toronto: AddisonWesley Publishers Ltd. (1991), pg. G-13. Keith Archer et al., Paramters of Power: Canadas Political Institutions. Scarborough: Nelson Canada (1995), pg. 3. Category: History

Race in Othello Essay Example

Race in Othello Essay William Shakespeare’s Othello explores the issue of race in his portrayal of the protagonist as a Moor which represents his tending marginal role in a Venetian society. In the play, characters are judged again and again based on appearances and outward characteristics. The protagonists different ethnic background provides a platform for probing ideas of racial conflict. This is exposed initially through the title of this play, â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice†, where the juxtaposition of â€Å"Moor† and â€Å"Venice† imbued within, reveals Othello’s loss of identity and the outsider nature in Venetian society. The dramatic opening of Act 1 Scene1 captures the audience’s attention and gives us a first impression of Othello as an obnoxious â€Å"Moor† and hateful â€Å"black creature. † This mocking tone is heightened through Roderigo’s description of Othello as â€Å"thick-lips owe† and reduces him to mere racial stereotype by referring him as his physical feature. The discriminatory language is amplified further when Iago later portrays Othello and Desdemonas relationships as an old black ram†¦tupping your white ewe and making the beast with two backs. The use of animal imagery of â€Å"ram† and â€Å"ewe† disparaged Othello to a simple beast and is stereotyped as sexually overactive as well as bestial force, to foil white people’s nobleness. The antithesis of â€Å"black† and â€Å"white† instilled within emphasizes the racial discrimination and gap between different ethnic groups at the Elizabethan time, when white people don’t admit black (African) people as part of their Christian society. We will write a custom essay sample on Race in Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Race in Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Race in Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This antithesis of contrasting colour is widely used throughout the entire play to create character’s hatred toward the Moor, and it is also frequently placed next to biblical justification such as â€Å"black devil† and white â€Å"noble angel†, as people in the Elizabethan period like to cite examples from Christian theology to support the view that whiteness was the sign of purity while blackness indicated sinister or evil, which highlights Othello as an outsider even though he is a hero to the country and has joined Christianity. The idea of marginalization and isolation has been brought to a higher extent when it comes to the marriage between Othello and Desdemona. This is evident as Brabantio shouted out â€Å"O treason of the blood! † when he acknowledged her daughter’s affair with the black man, he considers her interracial marriage as a betrayal to her white and thus honourable descent, which indirectly put Othello down to a wicked foreigner. Brabantio’s fear of miscegenation together with their likely child as a racial contamination strongly vilified Othello’s ethnic identity and expressed his racist point of view. He cannot believe that his daughter could be happy with this outsider, and he thinks that the only way Othello could have wooed Desdemona is with charms, as Elizabethan people â€Å"naturally† think black-skinned foreigners of evil enchanters. He accuses Othello, calling out, O thou foul thief, where hast thou stowed my daughter? and claims that now Desdemona is abused, stoln†¦and corrupted By spells and medicines, which pungently conveys his distrust and repulsion toward black people, the audience can realize how deeply racist stereotypes and prejudice of Africans and others of different ethnic identity are perpetuated into Elizabethans minds. Therefore, William Shakespeare’s Othello explores the issue of race in his play and how this makes his protagonist more susceptible to marginalization in a Venetian state. Gender In William Shakespeare’s Othello, both gender conflict and feminist views are developed by the portrayal of Desdemona’s distinct characteristics and dialogues, which not only reveal but also challenges women’s expected submissive and docile nature in Elizabethan society. As the heroine of this play, Desdemona is presented as a paradoxical character, who is both an ideal, compliant woman of the Elizabethan time, and a woman of authority and assertiveness. Elizabethan women are told to be obedient and tender and they ought to serve upon their fathers’ or husbands’ satisfaction unconditionally being ‘objects’ to their men. This is clear when Iago constantly tells Brabantio â€Å"you’re robbed†/ â€Å"your daughter† which reveals the patriarchal society that was the Elizabethan age. The language shows women’s statuses as mere estates of men. This is heightened by negative dictions such as â€Å"thief†, â€Å"stolen [from me]† which indicates that Desdemona is Brabantio’s property and her marriage is a process of illegal theft made by Othello. The submissive tone is amplified further when Shakespeare uses animal imagery to describe Desdemona as â€Å"your white ewe†, which presents her as a kind of tender and tame animal who will obey anything to please her husband. The passive nature is not only conveyed through males’ opinions and descriptions upon females but also how females express themselves. This is evident when Desdemona carefully chooses her words to â€Å"argue† against her father about her marriage. â€Å"I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound for†¦ You are lord of all my duty†¦ my mother referring you before her father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  her articulated words concern a woman’s conflicting â€Å"duties† towards her father and her fiance as she has to show loyalty to Othello whilst â€Å"respect† to Brabantio; it also exposes the loss of her own identity as she is owing allegiance to either her father or her husband, and is especially voluntarily passi ve in her marriage which is accentuated by her claiming that â€Å"the Moor my lord†, Desdemona is thus an ideal woman in Elizabethan society. At the same time, however, she is able to challenge women’s humble status. This is shown as she constantly speaks up for herself in front of others and her father Brabantio: â€Å"So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord. † She confronted; and she claims that she â€Å"saw Othello’s visage in his mind And to his honours and his valiant parts Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate. † Her words establish her courage and strength of conviction and oppose the patriarchal society and the override absolute women’s obedience. Desdemona’s independence is emphasized by the image of â€Å"greedy ear† said by Othello which shows how curious and keen she is, compared to the traditional Elizabethan woman she is made to be. Othello’s brave sagas had created her a brand new outside-world which broke her sheltered, routine existence and role, he brings her to life, and this â€Å"life† certainly broke the stereotyped one before. Therefore, as a contradictory female character in this play, Desdemona appears both as an autonomous and wise daughter to Brabantio as well as a passive stereotypical meek wife to Othello. Power Shakespeare’s Othello uses Iago to establish the idea of Machiavellian power and the notion that a leader is only as good as his followers, relying heavily on the loyalty of others. As the antagonist in this play, Iago’s dramatic soliloquies and asides, in contrast to his speeches in the presence of other characters, reveals clearly his deceitfulness and self-disguise. His manipulative nature is shown at the beginning of the play through his convincible language toward Roderigo such as â€Å"Despise me if I do not† where he direct tone and the construction exposes his ability to operate words which thus controls others’ thoughts. This is heightened by the following mocking tone â€Å"And what was he? † Iago skilfully manoeuvres his language to make him trusted as well as to dominate those around him. His true deceptive intentions are conveyed patently when he states that â€Å"I follow him (Othello) to serve my turn upon him. We cannot all be masters, nor all masters Cannot be truly followed. Iago’s malevolent language displays the â€Å"vallian† beneath his masquerade who uses others as agents, the well-balanced sentence illustrates his carefully constructed plan, also his Machiavellian beliefs – the end justifies the means, no matter how disloyal to his master he needs to be – he declares that he will be â€Å"trimmed in forms and visages of duty† and will â€Å"keep†¦ hearts attending on† himself, he will gain himself profits at last which makes it worth being deceiving. The Machiavellian nature is amplified by his simple conclusion at the end of the speech â€Å"I am not what I am† in which the powerful and direct language expresses not only his attitude to Othello, but also his positions in the world, he will do all the despicable disguises to create a picture of an dutiful and trustworthy person for everyone who surrounds him, and his persona allows him to cunningly manipulate and to contribute to the downfall of them. And the dramatic irony thus occurred as people, especially Othello, do believe him, when he introduces Iago to the Duke of Venice as â€Å"A man he is of honesty and trust†, Shakespeare cleverly points out that Iago is an astute observer of character for he knows people’s nature will and can thus use their weaknesses, foibles and strengths of the victims to his advantage, which for example, Othello’ gullibility that is further explained by Iago’s derisive words â€Å"The moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose. . Furthermore, he breaks the bonds of friendship between him and Rederigo as Iago uses him as a scapegoat who infuriates Brabantio, and uses both Roderigo and Brabantio to against Othello, cleverly without even show himself on the stage as he states â€Å"though I do hate him as I do hell’s pains, Yet, for necessity of present life, I must show out a flag and sign of love, which is indeed but sign†, only through manipulations of them, like an intelligent puppeteer who controls his puppets every moves according to his will yet hides himself and the truth in the shadow. Iago’s ability to authorise others moreover exemplified him as a political realist and a Machiavellian villain, a man who knows â€Å"the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills† and how to destroy others without getting himself involved in the conflict. Therefore, Shakespeare’s Othello uses Iago to establish the idea of Machiavellian power and the motion that a leader relies heavily on the loyaly of others.

The Wall Professor Ramos Blog

The Wall Daniel Milliken English 101 6 August 2018 The Wall We all live on this planet called Earth. Us humans are going to be living here for hundreds of more years, but we still can’t seem to get along with our neighbors. When will we understand that no good can come from discrimination. Everyone is different in some way and it isn’t fair to assume things about people when you haven’t heard the full story. There have been many walls put up along country borders for different reasons. But There is an issue with the plan to build a wall across the Mexican – American border. The issues differ from other countries because of the negative connotations put on the Mexican people, as well as the length and cost of the wall. They say that the wall will help stop drug smugglers and illegal immigration from coming into the United States but just the wall alone isn’t going to be enough. Usually, when you build a wall of some sort you are trying to keep something out. When you think about the things on the other side o f the wall they usually have a negative connotation attached to them. There are people who can use their popularity to broadcast their beliefs which can be biased and are meant to persuade their audience into believing the same ways as them. For example, our President, Mr. Trump has said things that make his followers believe in a single story and not telling them the whole story. When Trump calls the Mexican immigrants â€Å"murderers, rapist, and thieves† he is trying to persuade his listeners to believe that all the immigrants are like that. He is using his position to make the public afraid of Mexicans so that there will be more people approving the border wall. This is causing the Mexican citizens to resent trump in every way. They are not going to work with a man who is going to accuse them of doing these things. He is making the wall become more of a race issue than a device that can help decrease illegal immigration and illegal contraband from entering the U.S, as O’Niel says in her journal â€Å"The Mexican Standoff†, â₠¬Å"In a recent Pew survey, Mexico ranked last among 37 nations in terms of public confidence in Trump.†. If he continues to belittle the Mexican people, they will soon get tired of America and return to Mexico which can put a dent in the U.S. economy as we depend a lot on migrant workers. Trump hasn’t been a good neighbor with Mexico’s President Pena Nieto. Trump was planning to meet up with Nieto, so they could discuss the wall but unfortunately, â€Å"In January, Trump took to Twitter to declare that Peà ±a Nieto should not come to Washington unless he would agree to pay for the border wall. Peà ±a Nieto, humiliated, canceled the trip† (O’Niel). I’m sure this is not the right way to speak to someone when you want them to help you figure out a solution to a problem. There have been many situations in which a wall across the border of two countries can help. Let’s take the southern immigration border of Israel for instance. Esteban Flores says, â€Å"The wall- which is more of a fence- is made of steel and barbed wire and stands surrounded by unending hills of desert sand and brush.†. The wall is approximately 150 miles long and the U.S. invested $400 million. The Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said that the creation of the wall has stopped all illegal immigration, but the wall isn’t the only thing that helped the illegal immigration rate go down. The Israel government has made it difficult for immigrants to enter the country and made it less desirable to live there as an immigrant. Because of the relatively small wall, the Israeli government has been able to maintain the number of people crossing illegally because they can patrol and respond to breaches quickly. There is also a Steel barrier that Egypt has cre ated to stop the contraband from coming in from Gaza. This wall is made out of bombproof, super steel and extends 20 meters underground. Even with the wall going deep underground they still had problems with smugglers digging tunnels underneath. The only way to prevent this was to place another underground wall that would force Palestinians to dig deeper and deeper. The Mexican American border is close to 1,700 miles long and the expected price of the wall is estimated to be around 10 billion dollars. At first, when they questioned who was going to pay for the wall Trump would say â€Å"Mexico†. The president of Mexico has said that Mexico is not going to be paying for the wall. This is a problem for Trump because the cost is now going to have to come out of our own pocket. There are things that can be done to keep the border safe, but it comes at a price. If Trump wants the border to be really secured he would need to greatly increase the border patrol enforcement. They will need to be able to monitor the entire length of the wall during all hours of the day. There is a lot of wall that would need to be gotten to quickly if there was to be a breach. There would also have to be an underground barricade of some sort to keep them from just digging tunnels underneath the wall. If Trump was to block off the border completely then it might cau se the illegal immigrants to cross through the sea. This is a problem because when they cross illegally the paths they take are not always the safest. For all of this to come together it is estimated to cost more than double the original 10 billion. The plan to secure the borders and stop the illegal immigration is a great idea but the truth is there is not enough money. The wall is more of a statement piece as of now. Annotated Bibliography O’Neil, Shannon K. The Mexican Standoff: Trump and the Art of the Workaround. [Foreign Affairs].  Foreign Affairs, vol. 96, no. 5, Sep/Oct2017, pp. 43-49. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=khhAN=125669789site=ehost-live. this article is focused on Trumps relation with the Mexican president and how he treats other countries. I am using this article to show specifics that had happened between the two and how it effects the citizens. I believe this is a scholarly source because it was published on a scholarly website and has a credible author Dorsey, Margaret â€Å"Beyond Surveillance and Moonscapes: An Alternative Imaginary of the U.S._Mexico Border Wall† Visual Anthropology Review Nov 1, 2010://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2sid=61c2e2ff-b002-4155-95cf-6f690c83b8d4%40sessionmgr120 In this article Dorsey is explaining the negative effects putting up the Mexican American border wall and how it effects the citizens of Mexico. I’m using this source to help explain how Trump is using his power to portray Mexican citizens a certain way. This is credible because the author is educated in the subject. Flores, Esteban. Walls of Separation: An Analysis of Three Successful BorderWalls.  Harvard International Review, vol. 38, no. 3, Summer2017, pp. 10-12.EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bshAN=123620519site=ehost-live. This article gives examples of the other countries that have built walls to keep illegal immigration and contraband out of their own country. I’m using it in my article because I am able to show what is needed to create the right border wall that would be the most effective.

Heart of Darkness (ANALYTICAL ESSAY ) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heart of Darkness (ANALYTICAL ) - Essay Example A team of men is on the Thames waiting for the wind to take proper direction. Marlow whose profession is not clearly defined becomes the narrator in the story and hence represents the voice of the author. He then moves on to talk of Europe having some of the darkest places on earth. He talks of his expedition to Africa, which opened his eyes to the evils of colonization. Illness has been discussed explicitly in the story at different points of time. The Russian companion of Kurtz who went through subsequent illnesses narrates the above lines to Marlow during their meet. The illnesses are very symbolic of the dark environment of colonization where Kurtz was more feared for his whims than respected by the natives who therefore followed his orders like that of God. Sickness has been elaborately discussed throughout the novella; not just physical but mental sickness as well. In this context the passage â€Å"On the contrary. It appears their intercourse had been very much broken by vari ous causes. †¦. smiling continuously at some endless and jocose dream of that eternal slumber† (Conrad, 153-159) could be analyzed. Sometimes they resulted from obsession as it did in case of Kurtz (obsessed with possession of ivory) who once tried to shoot his manager who has been giving him company through all times in order to acquire some ivory from him. When the Russian says, â€Å"they [natives] adored him† (Conrad, 154), the tone implies something more that the words reveal. This was later revealed further as the manager told him about his experiences with Kurtz. The man saw no reason for things, which came, in the way of his demands. When he asked for the ivory he placed his most loyal companion, the Russian, under his gun’s point, which surely surprised Marlow, who has been observing the devotion of the Russian towards Kurtz for quite some time – â€Å"The man filled his life, occupied his thoughts, swayed his emotions† (Conrad, 154). The Russian went on to tell Marlow that he had requested Mr. Kurtz to go back from this life which he himself did not quite like, but despite agreeing to him initially he stayed on and the Russian was determined to stick to him. What is notable in the concerned passage is the strong devotion of the Russian despite facing all odds with his companion. In fact when Marlow called him mad, the Russian strongly protested. This reflect once again the psychological state of the Russian who was an enthusiastic young man but wasted his years quite gladly in the woods merely out of devotion towards Mr. Kurtz. The author brings in the silence and unperturbed nature around the men, which was rather suffocating, to Marlow –â€Å"The woods were unmoved, like a mask -- heavy, like the closed door of a prison -- they looked with their air of hidden knowledge, of patient expectation, of unapproachable silence† (Conrad, 157). On one hand the woods had a lot of give but lay quite some str ess and absorbed a lot from life. Staying alone in such a land perhaps took the toll on Mr. Kurtz and his companion. As â€Å"the appetite for more ivory had got the better of the†¦less material aspirations† Kurtz gathered more natives who apparently adored him but Marlow by now knew better (Conrad, 157). Another evidence of mental sickness arising out of the wild surroundings is the heads that surrounded Kurtz’s house, perhaps to fill the gaps in his life. The Russian must have had a strong influence on his mind especially

Describe the Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Essay

Describe the Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension - Essay Example 2005) (Mackay and Mensah 2004) (WHO 2002). It is found that treating hypertension had lead to 40 percents reduction of cerebral stroke and about 15 percents reduction of acute myocardial infarction (WHO 2002) (Colins et al. 1990). What is interesting data obtained globally in the world found that about 62 percents of cerebral insults and about 50 percents of ischemic heart morbidity can be attributed to sub-optimal regulated blood pressure (systolic pressure above 115 mmHg). This only means that blood pressure should be monitored more closely by trained and experienced physicians. However World health organization found that globally the ability to treat hypertension is variable with huge difference between the countries. In this survey conducted on 167 countries by the World health organization in 67 percents of them there was no national anti-hypertension program, physicians were not trained to manage hypertension in 45 percents of the countries, antihypertensive drugs were not ava ilable in 25 percents, basic equipment was not available in 8 percents etc. (Alwan et al. 2001). Hypertension is believed to be a disease of the modern society, but the prevalence of hypertension in developing countries, especially in the urban areas is now similar to the prevalence in western countries (Vorster 2002). This can be attributed to the modern day of life that is accepted in the developing countries because it is found that primitive people around the world have no hypertension and their blood pressure doesn’t elevate with age (Carvalho et al 1989). This is important because we can see that hypertension is a modifiable factor that is dependent on the lifestyle of the person and along with other modifiable factors like obesity, stress, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol intake, vitamin D deficiency and other factors. Hypertension however is the most important modifiable factor that can significantly influence the well being of the general population worldwide (K yrou et al. 2006) (Wofford and Hall 2004). Hypertension is defined as elevated systolic or diastolic pressure above the normal reference values. Normal blood pressure is systolic blood pressure lower that 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure lower that 80 mmHg The systolic pressure is recognized as normal in population above age 50 if it is not greater than 140 mmHg and systolic not greater than 90 mmHg. (Chobanian et al. 2003). There are two main types of hypertension primary and secondary hypertension. Secondary hypertension is responsible for only 5 percents of the incidence of hypertension worldwide (Chiong et al 2008). It is a condition where the elevated blood pressure is a result of some other morbidity within the organism that is treatable or non treatable and is the primary factor for elevated blood pressure. It is very important to distinguish between these two types because the treatment is much different. Secondary hypertension can be caused by variety of condition like disea se in endocrine system like Cushing’s disease where the adrenal glands produce excess cortisol (Dodt et al. 2009). Other condition that can lead to secondary hypertension is hyperthyroidism, where in order to treat the hypertension we will also need to treat the primary disease that is causing the elevated bloo

Fixed Costs Impact of The Optimal Level of Publisher Output Essay

Fixed Costs Impact of The Optimal Level of Publisher Output - Essay Example The essay "Fixed Costs Impact of The Optimal Level of Publisher Output" talks about the fixed costs and their effect on the optimal level of output in the context of the publisher. This is because as per the argument presented earlier, the optimizing level of the publisher output is at the point where Marginal Cost (MC) = Marginal Revenue (MR). Fixed costs have no impact at all on the profit maximizing output of the author. The earlier the author takes a simple percentage of retail prices. Fixed costs do not vary at all regardless of the variance in output. A variance in a firm’s fixed cost outlays has no impact upon the price levels for profit maximization. An example is a scenario where fixed costs are escalated and the impact observed on the price of profit-maximization is none as well as output. This is as long as that company remains in business. To offset rises in fixed costs, the firm’s management can do nothing at all. The reason is that fixed costs do not vary at all with a variance in output levels by definition. Thus, whether the business is booming or in a trough, fixed costs remain the same. The optimal condition MPl/Pl = MPk/Pk is mathematically derived in a case of optimization in a scenario of two outputs. These outputs are capital and labor. For the manufacturer to optimize production, they assume that the function of production Q is a function of both labor and capital as well as the fact that the costs to the firm are prices of the resources and fixed costs times the units of every factor employed.

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC): Structure and Function

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC): Structure and Function There are many complex mechanisms employed by the immune system to destroy invading organisms, abnormal cells and contain infections in order to maintain health and life. Antigen presenting cells (APC) are some of the cells that form part of these mechanisms. This essay will look at what APCs are, the different types with examples and their specific roles in the immune response. APCs are cells that take up antigens and present them to lymphocytes during an immune response (Sherwood et al, 2009). The components of APCs that actually do the presenting are Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHCs): Class I and Class II MHC molecules (Sompayrac, 2003). These two complexes provide two different pathways of antigen presentation that stimulates different population of T cells to eliminate the invading pathogen concerned. All nucleated cells of the body express MHC class I molecules and are therefore referred to as non-professional APCs (Kropshofer et al, 2005). MHC class I molecules are like billboards that display on the surface of the cell, peptides of processed endogenous proteins (Sompayrac, 2003).The endogenous proteins could be those encoded by viruses or parasites that have infected the cell. The main focus of MHC class I APCs is on events within the cell. Typically in a viral infection, the virus enters the cell and uses the cells own biosynthetic machinery to produce proteins encoded by viral genes (Wagner et al, 2004). Viral proteins are broken down into peptides by enzymes within the cell (proteasomes) (DeFranco et al, 2007). Following this, the peptides are carried into the endoplasmic reticulum by a TAP transporter (Sompayrac, 2003). After which MHC class I molecules within the cell are loaded with these peptides along with a sample of other normal proteins being made by the cell. This M HC-peptide complex is then transported to the cell surface for presentation. The protein fragments are displayed on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells (Tc) (Schindler, 1991). Having this mechanism in place allows all body cells to be monitored by CD8+ve Tc cells which inspect the cells. Tc cells detect foreign peptides bound to an MHC so if a cell has been invaded by a virus or parasite, the Tc cells are alerted and respond by destroying the abnormal cell thus preventing the spread of viruses throughout the body (DeFranco et al, 2007). MHC class II molecules are designed to present peptides to helper T cells (Th). Unlike the MHC class I molecules, MHC class II molecules are restricted to certain cell types termed professional APCs. Their focus is on events unfolding in the outside environment so can present samples of antigens derived from exogenous antigens in various parts of the body. Professional APCs display class I and class II MHCs as well as co-stimulatory signals (Sompayrac, 2003). In order to function, T cells, both Tc and Th cells, require activation. For this to happen, T cells need to recognise its cognate antibody in an MHC complex and they also need a co-stimulatory signal which can only be provided by professional APCs (Wellness.com, 2010). Co-stimulation is provided by a protein (B7) on APCs which interlocks with another protein (CD28) on the surface of T cells. Examples of professional APCs are activated macrophages, activated dendritic cells (DC) and activated B cells. DCs are the most important of the APCs as it capable of initiating an immune response by activating naà ¯ve T cells (Sompayrac, 2003). These cells are strategically located in areas of the body such as the skin, mucosal lining of lung and digestive tract where microbes are likely to enter (Sherwood et al, 2009). In normal tissues DCs are immature, expressing few B7 protein and MHC molecules on their surfaces so are poor antigen presenters. However, when a microbe(s) invade the tissue which DCs reside, they mature. DC are specialised as they have pattern recognition receptors on their surface which recognises common features of invading microbes such as LPS on the surface of gram negative bacteria. DCs takes up pathogens through receptor mediated endocytosis and degrade it in a lysosome (DeFranco et al, 2007). During a invasion, cytokines (TNF ÃŽ ±) released by activated mac rophages are recognised by the DC which informs it that innate immune system is under attack. Cytokines bind to receptors on the DC causing it to cease phagocytosis, leave the tissues (site of infection) and migrate through the lymphatic system. Whilst travelling, the DC equips the class II MHC reserves with the antigen and also produces B7 co-stimulatory protein. During this time also, DC upregulates the expression of class I MHC molecules as a precautionary measure that if the DC was infected by a virus or parasite at the site of infection, the antigen could be processed into protein fragments for presentation if necessary (Male, 2004). By the time the DC reaches the lymph node, it has its co-stimulatory molecules and the MHC class II- peptide complex(es) primed and ready to activate naà ¯ve T cells. Lymph nodes have compartments that have bountiful supplies of B and T cells (Schindler, 1991). Whilst at the lymph node, DCs trigger the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to CD4+ve Th cells with matching receptors (Sherwood, 2009). After which, the APC secrete interleukin, a chemical which activate Th cells. Activated Th cells then secretes cytokines which stimulates the Th into rapid proliferation and differentiation into effector Th cells and memory Th cells (DeFranco et al, 2007). Memory Th cells are useful in future infections by the same pathogen whilst effector Th cells activate B cells to secrete antibodies enhancing other immune activities (Sherwood, 2009). Additionally effector Th cells and antibody molecules depart from the lymph node and enter the circulation which they then leave at the infection site. Antibodies opsonise the bacteria enhancing their uptakes by phagocytes, stimulate Natural killer cells (NK) to directly lyse the bacteria and also activate th e lethal compliment system (Sherwood, 2009). CD4 +ve T-cell on the other hand activate macrophages to become more cytotoxic. It is important that the magnitude of the immune response be in proportion to the seriousness of the attack (Sompayrac, 2003). As previously mentioned DCs migrate to lymph nodes only when activated by battle cytokines. In a serious infection, many cytokines are released and thus more DCs are activated. Before their migration to lymph nodes, activated DCs release chemokines, a chemical which triggers precursor cells (monocytes) to leave the blood stream and become their replacement as DCs in (Sompayrac, 2003). These new DCs are then able to be activated and make their way to the lymph node which amplifies the response to the invasion. The new recruits of DCs are like photojournalists, the antigenic peptide which they carry to the lymph node being a snapshot of the infection site (Sompayrac, 2003). This is useful so if there are changes in the area, the appropriate T cell can be activated and thus elicit the immune response most suitable. If the infection is mild, there will be fewer c ytokines produced, less DCs activated, fewer chemokines released, fewer replacements of DCs therefore the number of DCs that make their way to the lymph node will also be significantly less. Consequently the number of B and T cells that becomes activated in the lymph nodes relies greatly on the number of DCs present. As detailed above DCs play a role in the activation of macrophages. Macrophages are one of the early defences against invaders that initiate the cell mediated immune response (Schindler, 1991). Macrophages are very weak at presenting antigens as they only possess enough MHC molecules and co-stimulatory proteins when activated by battle cytokines e.g. IFN ÃŽ ³ (DeFranco et al, 2007). Macrophages function in the re-stimulation of experienced T cells so they continue to partake in the fight against the pathogen (Male, 2004). They engulf pathogens that have invaded the tissues, process it using internal enzymes and present the peptides on MHC class II molecules. This continual display of antigens is recognised by Th cells which continue to complete their function. Next the activated macrophage releases cytokines are previously mention that act on the DC i.e. TNF ÃŽ ±. Other cytokines released includes IL-1 and IL-8. IL-1 aids in the activation of B and T cells (Schindler, 1991). B cells are the third professional APC. At the start of an infection B cells are naà ¯ve so do not play a definitive role. However throughout the course of the infection B cells become activated. Some B-cells are specific to T-independent antigen so only require binding of its receptor (BCR) to a cognate antigen for activation (Sherwood 2009). Other B-cells are specific to T-dependent antigen so after processing the antigen and displaying it on MHC class II molecules, binding of a Th cell is required for their activation. The MHC class II complex interacts with the TCR on the CD4+ Th cell which recognise the specific antigen on the B cell. Next the helpers release a chemical known as interleukin triggering the activation of the B cell. Activated B cells go through rapid proliferation and differentiation into memory cells and antibody producing plasma cells (Sherwood, 2009). B cells have the advantage of presenting the antigen very quickly so makes the immune response more efficient. The development of two different pathways of antigen presentation i.e. via MHC class I and II molecules can be rationalised in that each ultimately helps to elicit the most appropriate immune response through stimulation of the T cell the population most effective in eliminating the pathogen in question. MHC class I APCs allows for the monitoring of all body cells through Tc cells whilst MHC class II APCs seek the help of Th cells and B cells which directs the immune response in a way that corresponds to the seriousness an infection. Through these functions, APCs ultimately helps to maintain health and life. Should Teens Be Allowed Internet Access? Should Teens Be Allowed Internet Access? The internet is a large market with practically everything available in it. It is a massive network of computers worldwide connected by cables and satellites. Most of the time, it is just referred to as The Net or the World Wide Web (www). The internet today is used for multiple tasks such as receiving email, communicating with people from all around the world, receive text, images, video and sound. It is a very helpful tool for getting any information needed. This is because it has people from all around the globe posting information onto the internet for the use of everybody who access the internet which is a public accessible feather for millions of people nationwide. (Young Media Australia 2008, What is the internet?) However, the internet nowadays is too widely used by tweens and is becoming an issue among our society. This is caused by different factors that may be dangerous to them. This study is to investigate whether it is advisable for tweens to be allowed internet access. We may wonder who exactly are tweens? To be exact, they are individuals who are no longer children anymore yet not a teenager. This means they would fall in the age group of between 11 13 years old. People are doubtful about giving them internet access because they may not be mature enough to differentiate what is good or bad and this may cause them to be susceptible to internet danger. Internet danger is generally caused by people who are not taught with moral ethics and try to inflict damage onto tweens. Advantages of the internet for tweens Offers a wide spectrum of information The internet is a virtual treasure chest full of valuable information. It has a huge amount of publications added everyday and is slowly evolving as one of the greatest source of information. Any form of information from A to Z can nowadays be so easily obtained just by a few clicks on the computer and tons of information show on the screen. Also, with the help of search engines on the internet, the work of hunting for information or data is minimized. Since the internet provides so much of information, it is a great source of reference for students who does research work or even just to look for information which cannot be obtained in school. Through the internet, forums can be accessed and through forums, people are able to trade information and share opinions with each other. (The Advantages Disadvantages Of The Internet n.d.) Communication with the world There are plenty of chat rooms that can be used on the internet such as Live Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, Skype and so on. These chat rooms allow worldwide communication to be possible. As long as computers are connected to the internet, anybody from any part of the world can communicate online. It is very convenient for family members who are apart to communicate with each other instantaneously without the need of using email or snail mail. (The Advantages Disadvantages Of The Internet n.d.) Saves times in completing tasks Before internet existed, there were many tasks that took a lot of time to complete. Now with the help of internet in the modern society, the time used to complete these tasks is reduced by an uncanny amount. One example would be students using the internet to communicate with teachers online. Students who are slacking in studies may have extra classes with teachers through communication programs. This greatly reduces students time needed to revise on their own and yet not fully comprehend the subject. Also, assignments done can be sent to teachers via the computer with the use of email. Educational games programs Games nowadays intrigue tweens and play a big role in their lives. Computer games are constantly being played by tweens from all around the world and the internet has a huge load of these games. Specifically, educational games are the games that have positive effect on tweens. These games can provide practice in problem solving and logic and also provide practice in use of fine motor and spatial skills. Furthermore, some of the educational games require two players or more so this allows parents to occasionally play together with the child and have some family bonding. These games being fun activities help to relieve stress and help keep the mind fresh. (Effects Of Video Game Playing On Children 2009) Risks disadvantages tweens might face However good the internet might appear to be and have many advantages upon tweens, the ugly side of internet should also be reviewed carefully to actually determine whether the internet is more harmful than helpful to tweens. Access to inappropriate content or information The internet being the treasure chest to all information, it also contains negative contents such as pornography and violence. Tweens who accidentally access to pornography may see images that would scar them for life and may potentially cause problems in their future life as these images may surface without warning. It is always internet pornography that is the first exposure to tweens of these sexual images and the images they see causes their brain to play mind tricks on them. This causes human intimacy to be planted into them as something twisted and perverted and this implantation is irreversible. Ultimately, this may lead to sexual deviancy and crime, which in turn affects their future relationships and marriages. (Children as Victims n.d.) Violence also can make a huge impact on tweens. Tweens who are exposed to violence would generally be more hot-tempered and are very likely to have antisocial behavior such as threatening aggression and assault. This is because they are brainwashed into the world of violence and cannot distinguish between fantasy and reality. They may think that violence is the only way to settle problems and that being violent shows charisma and looks macho-like. (Children And Media Violence 2009) Chance to come across internet predators An internet predator is usually an adult who exploits vulnerable children or tweens for sexual or abusive purposes, or also known as paedophiles. These people try to do these out of the norm things to satisfy their personal fetish. They would try to use the internet as a way of getting in contact with tweens and try to coax them to meet up. At this point, these tweens who are not under adult supervision may not be mature enough to think that this is potential danger and would simply just agree to meeting with this anonymous person. This would allow tweens to be vulnerable to these internet predators to carry out their dirty activities. In some reported cases, these paedophiles have raped and killed innocent children. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) Become victims of cyber bullying Cyber bullying is quite common nowadays in the virtual world. What exactly does cyber bullying mean? It basically is any form of harassment that occurs via the internet. Posting fake videos on web sites, leaving mean and evil emails towards somebody are forms of cyber bullying. Tweens who are cyber bullied would feel very depressed and overwhelmed as they do not know who these people are who cyber bully them. These helpless victims would usually suffer quietly and be mentally imbalanced because they usually dont tell an adult about this issue and just keep it to themselves. (What is Cyberbullying? n.d.) Be subjected to invasion of privacy, unsolicited advertising financial risks There are plenty of commercial websites on the internet that may invade privacy by requesting for personal information. Tweens may be encouraged to complete questionnaires and enter competitions that lead to the divulgence of personal information or incur unforeseen costs. Also, some sites have advertisements that encourage tweens to acquire products which are costly and unnecessary for them. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) Addiction to the internet It is very easy for tweens to get addicted to the internet because it is so interactive. With all the contents available on the internet, tweens would opt to sit in front of a computer all day and this would cause them not to have time to finish assignments or work and decrease the time for socializing with people in person. This usually also causes tweens to be less healthy as they would lack the exercise needed for their body. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) Conclusion To look at the whole argument in an unbiased way, a comparison has to be made between the advantages and disadvantages of the internet. It may appear that it is not advisable for tweens to be allowed internet access because of all the negative effects it may cause. However, from a survey carried out, majority of the people agree that tweens should be given internet access and that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of the internet. These negative effects are avoidable and it basically comes down to the way tweens use the internet and how much they understand about the internet. These problems may be avoided if they are guided along the way by an adult because an adult is able to differentiate whats good and whats not on the internet and teach tweens how to avoid these sites on the internet. Most of the tweens who suffer from internet disadvantages are those who are ignorant and are not taught well on how to utilize internet as a powerful tool. (1615 words)

The Usefulness of Methods in Language Teaching Essay -- Education, Tea

Introduction: Recently a big debate has been aroused on the issue of teaching methods and their usefulness to the actual practice in classroom. Some writers start to claim that methods are dead and are no longer considered in the teaching/learning process such as Brown(2002) . Whereas some others like Bell (2007) think that method still play a vital role in the teaching learning process. This essay will examine both views with relation to my own experience as a teacher and teacher trainer. First I will give a summary of both points of view then will review the usefulness of methods in relation to my profession and context. Summary of the two points of views: Brown (2002) claims the death of methods signaling the post-method era where there is no place for formulas in the second language teaching. Basing his literature in the linguists' findings about the failure of methods to solve the learning/teaching problems. The main attack over the methods is that: Methods are too prescriptive, they are 'laden with interested knowledge' and they can't be empirically proved to work in real classroom. He goes towards the Principles Approach to language teaching with its twelve principles and the three stages of the 'crafted process' of diagnosis, treatment and assessment' to match the different contexts and situations. However, the fact of the uselessness of methods seem to be just in the theoretical phase of it, and as a debate among the linguists according to Bell (2005). David Bells conducted a survey study to measure the extent to which methods are/are not considered in practice in classrooms as an attempt to investigate Block's claim that "Whereas the notion of method no longer plays a significant role in the thinking of applied... ...ot depart from the books they were typed in. How can I - as a teacher- develop certain 'unknown' techniques based on unclear principles? Approaches are always ambiguous specially to the less trained or experienced teachers Richards & Rodgers (2001). We as teachers will always need prescribed methods, not to follow rigidly, but to have more choices. It is always a fact that "there is never was and probably never will be a method for all" Nunan(1991 :228). And there are always " aspects of all methods which might usefully be incorporated into one's classroom practice"( Ibid:248). Conclusion: To conclude, Though methods do not give one-one solution to the problems of teaching and learning, they always give us a rich source of solutions to adapt, modify and develop in our own contexts. We may not be able to claim their death, neither now, nor in the near future.

Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques

Non-Invasive diagnostic techniques| | X-rays| An X-ray machine is essentially a camera. Instead of visible light, however, it uses X-rays to expose the film. X-rays are like light in that they are electromagnetic waves, but they are more energetic so they can penetrate many materials to varying degrees. When the X-rays hit the film, they expose it just as light would. Since bone, fat, muscle, tumors and other masses all absorb X-rays at different levels, the image on the film lets you see different (distinct) structures inside the body because of the different levels of exposure on the film. Ultrasound| Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by submarines. | Thermography| | MRI| MRI scanners vary in size and shape, and some newer models have a greater degree of openness around the sides. Still, the basic des ign is the same, and the patient is pushed into a tube that's only about 24 inches (60 centimetres) in diameter.The biggest and most important component of an MRI system is the magnet. There is a horizontal tube — the same one the patient enters — running through the magnet from front to back. This tube is known as the bore. But this isn't just any magnet — we're dealing with an incredibly strong system here, one capable of producing a large, stable magnetic field. The strength of a magnet in an MRI system is rated using a unit of measure known as a tesla.Another unit of measure commonly used with magnets is the gauss (1 tesla = 10,000 gauss). The magnets in use today in MRI systems create a magnetic field of 0. 5-tesla to 2. 0-tesla, or 5,000 to 20,000 gauss. When you realize that the Earth's magnetic field measures 0. 5 gauss, you can see how powerful these magnets are. Most MRI systems use a superconducting magnet, which consists of many coils or windings of wire through which a current of electricity is passed, creating a magnetic field of up to 2. 0 tesla.Maintaining such a large magnetic field requires a good deal of energy, which is accomplished by superconductivity, or reducing the resistance in the wires to almost zero. To do this, the wires are continually bathed in liquid helium at 452. 4 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (269. 1 below zero degrees Celsius) [source: Coyne]. This cold is insulated by a vacuum. While superconductive magnets are expensive, the strong magnetic field allows for the highest-quality imaging, and superconductivity keeps the system economical to operate. |

Generic Benchmarking

Generic Benchmarking Free Online Research Papers The Coastal County Clerk of Court’s challenge to integrate technology into their antiquated business function, streamlining processes, and controlling outsourced project cost to make their governing office more productive and efficient. Hence, one of the overwhelming obstacles in this change initiative is in the organizational cultural obstacles with the old leadership team with the court offices. The recent elections awarded a new business leader and strategy to tackle the change initiative with the county clerks office. However, inevitable conflict will establish a need for intervention, mediation, and possible arbitration to deal with the need to introduce the three strategic approaches to resolution. â€Å"Pursuant to the Administration Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 and a recent White House Presidential Memorandum, federal agencies are implementing forms of alternative dispute resolution for discriminative complaints (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p.5). A comparative analysis of in-house and outside neutral mediator models was conducted within the United States Postal Service to challenge the EEOC complaint process. Between 1994 to1998, a mediation pilot program was introduced in Florida to focus on the mediation program named REDRESS (Resolve Employment Disputes Reach Equitable Solutions Swiftly). REDRESS’ objective was to examine the immediate benefits of using outsourced neutral third party firms to resolve equal opportunity disputes. The end-result of USPS’ approach has proven very significant. Hence, â€Å"there has been substantial research on the use of outside neutral mediators to resolve grievances arising under a collective bargaining ag reement (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 9).† The results of this testing module indicate that all participants in the outside model that were subject to outside mediation reported a significantly high-satisfactory score than those tested using inside mediation. â€Å"Process fairness, mediator impartiality, fairness, skill and performance, and satisfaction with the outcome, outcome relevant to expectations, and long term effects of the outcome were all measured with the results presented higher for outside neutral mediator processes (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 14).† â€Å"The Lighter Amphibian Heavy-Lift (LAMP-H) Project was initiated by the U.S. Army to support ground troops during amphibian assault missions. This machine will function as a craft in moving supplies from large carrier ships to shore. Furthermore, moving over the surface of water and then transitioning to movement over land (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p.223).† The need for this new technology will be introduced and received with mixed responses from the project management team, the acquisition strategy team, and the RD centers. During the time of inception two significant leadership changes almost altered the viability of the project. The organizational changes meant that a new Project/Program Manager (PEO) would be responsible for sponsoring the acquisitions of LAMP-H. â€Å"As the new PEO accepted his new role, it became apparent that he neither understood the significance of the program not it’s Acquisition Strategy (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p. 228).† The second leadership change was the Product Manager. This promotion came directly from the Department of Defense with a respectable acquisition background. Last, the project manager for the LAMP-H was promoted to Deputy Product Manager (DPM), and has never slowed down his support for the new design. Furthermore, â€Å"the new PEO’s lack of knowledge about the basic acquisition process prevented him from understanding any new innovations to the acquisition process. Additionally, the PEO preferred to abstain from conflict with disagreements that the department managers and workers had with the new PM and the DPM regarding the new approaches taken with respect to the project (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p. 228).† Organizational Conflict Management has three main domains that would have contributed to the success of this project, which are Collaboration, Compromise, and Force. Hence, the program destruction was apparent when the PEO continually delayed and neglected the required acquisition strategies that needed his attention, and failed to understand or seek help in understanding the complexity of the RD program. â€Å"More specifically, the attempts by the various types of organizational conflicts that occurred throughout the LAMP-H project led to costly people, plan, and process deviations. Moreover, the attempts by the various stakeholders to increase the expected performance of the LAMP-H without corresponding increased the budget and timelines to account for increased cost and scheduling, led to increased level of risk, and ultimately the demise of the LAMP-H project (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, 2007. p. 230).† â€Å"The traditional method for handling those disputes is the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) administrative complaint process. In this process, an employee files an informal complaint alleging discrimination, and an equal employment opportunity counselor (a USPS employee) engages in informal efforts to resolve the dispute (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 6).† The inception of a third part neutral mediation program offers an option to alternative dispute resolution by allowing employees the right to choose. The primary conflict of unfair treatment, which is best suited for a third party mediator. Hence, â€Å"the key features of fairness of the process, impartiality and fairness of mediator are significantly higher in the outside model (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 17).† â€Å"The Acquisition Strategy required that the RD phase of the LAMP-H program be executed within 36 months. This was done in order to conform to the three years of RD appropriation that had been programmed, and the guidelines of the Army Streamlined Acquisition Program (ASAP) (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p.230).† However, the newly appointed project/program manager lacked the necessary skills to use effective process-based conflict management skills to implement the three strategies to meet the required specification of the LAMP-H program. Collaboration is always detrimental in these instances where skill diversification leads to compromise and force to meet deadlines for acquisition, processing, and product scheduling. In both synopsis’ and opportunity exist which an alternative conflict resolution approach should had led to a constructive organizational outcome. However, the USPS case proved to focus on process and procedures within the conflict that maintained an objective to improve the quality of work life for their employs. Therefore, the cost effectiveness of a third party mediator proved to be an efficient use of financial funds, time, and labor cost associated with the test module and the end-result processes. Unfortunately, the sudden process and procedural changes for Coastal County Clerk was not well received because the transition altered the organizational culture that was present. Cost effectiveness was a major concern, but at the liberty of losing loyal employees the conflict forced the emotional response because of the perception of unfair treatment. The transfer of organizational power, restructuring of current employee duties, and the use of third party firms to replac e long-time employees led to formal complaints that would be heard by the EEOC. Similar to the USPS case, mediation should be introduced to confront internal concerns and to build the confidence and support of the firm as an alternative resolution approach to the newly appointed County Clerk of Courts. The Department of Defense’s project/program manager and Stan Accord are in the same perdictiment. Training and support from professional mediators should strengthen their skills, and provide them with an ability to establish critical thinking skills. Creative-thinking abilities, communication skills, emotional capabilities, perception abilities, and orientation abilities are skills that are instrumental, and would have prevented the escalating process-based, and collaboration strategy techniques that are imperative in each case study. References Bingham, L., Chesmore, G., Moon, Y., Napoli, L., (2000). Mediating Employment Disputes at the United States Postal Service: A Comparison of In-house and Outside Neutral Mediator Models. Indiana University. Retrieved from:http://rop.sagepub.com at UOP Library Sutterfield, J., Friday-Stroud, S., Shivers-Blackwell, S., (2007). How NOT to Manage A Project: Conflict Management Lessons Learned from a DOD Case Study. Institute Of Behavior and Applied Management. Retrieved from www.pheonix.edu Research Papers on Generic BenchmarkingThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use